Eli Pritchard Essays (1159 words) - Military, Zhou Dynasty, Sun Tzu

Eli Pritchard Instructor Sylvia Gray History 106 19 January 2016 The Art of War: Fire and spies Throughout the duration of Sun Tzu's The Art of War we are treated to varied advice on how to conduct war intelligently and cautiously, but nothing encompasses these principles quite like fire and spy's. The tactics used with are almost unlike Sun Tzu rapid (of course with some ground rules), and as he himself put it, "Attack supported fire is indefensible"(Huang 109). Sun Tzu's Fire tactics are lessons in how to employ a dangerous weapon like fire, but at the same time like with any of Sun Tzu's tactics with caution. The second and perhaps cumulative of Sun Tzu's lessons is general is Espionage; in fact war through knowledge is key to the majority of Sun Tzu's Principles. While it is true that Sun Tzu gives specific instructions on how to use certain variables (Like Terrain) knowing beforehand what the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy is what gives way to victory. Spies and Fire are two of the Ideas at the very heart of Sun Tzu's tactics, In other words wars fought with inte lligence and caution. Fire The Tactic of Fire is more or less an instruction set on how to use fire in armed conflicts, and a summary of how caution is important in war. Beyond having the proper conditions for fire (dry climate and high winds) Sun Tzu outlines fire's uses and what to set fire to, moreover specific targets like troops, supplies, vehicles and escape routes. Fire is a tactic unlike any in The Art of War as there is no predefined beneficial ruleset to take into battle, only observation that can be made in battle like not getting burned or not fighting down wind. There is a powerful tool to be found within fire, but Sun Tzu reveals in his conclusion to fire the innate relationship between politics and strategic victory. An Effective political strategy can achieve military victory (and vice versa), More importantly that either type of strategy must be rational in nature to be effective. Fire is powerful but altogether risky tool, and power in Sun Tzu's Art of War does not make for a sound politic al or military victory only caution and rationality. Fire in a modern context One of the best modern examples of the concept of fire and its political interplay is the political/military relationship between air strikes and human shields. While the meaning of air strike is really self-explanatory (a missile strike by air) human shields needs definition, in short it is the tactic of putting civilians on important military targets to prevent air strikes. Human shields have been implemented since the Persian Gulf War in 1991(Tucker 541) and as recently as 2006 by both the IDF and HAMAS in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (Tucker 543). Air Strikes like fire pose a powerful threat to the enemy but when not enacted with caution they are a distinct political and military detriment due to human shields. Likewise human shields are seemingly a modern political counter to air strikes, but overall they pose a distinct political risk to whomever uses them like with Hussein regime in 1990. Saddam Hussein in 1990 moved civilians to key strategic locations in an effort to protect these locations from air strikes (Tucker 542). After the release of several propaganda movies involving the human shields in 1991 Hussein released them due to newfound international pressure (Tucker 542). Like with fire (and human shields) seeking the most powerful political or military strategy leaves the fundamental rationality and caution needed to win wars vacant. Spys "So, as for enlightened lords or distinguished commanders, the reason they can overcome the adversary when action is taken and achieve unparalleled success is prescience"-Espionage, The Art of War Sun Tzu's writing on spies is more or less a summary of how to approach warfare in general, and this approach values knowledge above all other resources. First Sun Tzu Elaborates on the general types of spy's agents, moles, turn coats hidden provocation agents and mobile informants (Huang 113). Then instructions on how to best employ spies in warfare (or the specific type), specifically basic ground rules on what is required of a

Arab-Israeli conflict essays

Arab-Israeli conflict essays September 11th was one of the main examples on how foreign policy is always changing and in most moments contradicting. Preceding these attacks, Pakistan had been considered a rogue nation . Yet, after this tragedy, America saw the urgency of which they needed Pakistans alliance in the war on terrorism. Pakistan is bordering Afghanistan, whose government has been blamed for the terrorist attacks. In previous years, as stated before, America had placed Pakistan on the list of rogue nations. The reason for such action was because of its millenarian dictatorship, and its stubbornness in the conflict over Indian- controlled Kashmir. Another reason for such conflict with Pakistan would be the way that the leader of that nation came into power. General Pervez Musharraf came into power through a military coup in October 1999. Soon after these attacks Musharraf had suddenly been in favor of the idea to assist in the war on terrorism. This change had been completely unforeseen due to the fact that Pakistan is a Muslim nation and usually these types of nations defend one another. America realized the geographical importance of its support. Pakistan lies bordering Afghanistan and it would serve as a crucial location from which to attack Afghanistan. In order to soften the Pakistani government to bend for the American government was by donating $1.1 billion to help Pakistan solve the problems it has with debt. Also, all sanctions that had been previously placed on Pakistan were lifted. The Bush administration also made it clear that assistance from the Pakistani government in the war against terrorism was anticipated. In return, The United States expected the Pakistani territory to be accessible to the military. The government also wanted Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate to serve as a conn ection to the Taliban and to also provide America with information on the whereabouts of the most wa...

Learning and Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning and Assessment - Essay Example Although, the alternative assessment strategies using various technologies was better way to assess a student than the traditional one, yet using both types of assessments in triangulation was the most appropriate approach. Before discussing that which method was better, one must keep in mind what is assessment and what are its essentials In literal terms, the word assessment means to determine the real worth of something. In the educational setting, it refers to the evaluation done by the teacher to find the extent to which the student had been able to learn something. A good assessment should be complex enough to involve the students in real thinking process, open enough to appreciate diverse opinions but at the same time, it should also be constraint enough to enable a fair scoring system. Initially, the only method for the assessment, used by the teachers, was the traditional one. This means that a written test used to be taken, having questions and answers, preferably in the form of Multiple Choice Questions. This tradition was followed for centuries. Even today, this traditional methodology of assessment is being used in most of developing countries till matriculation level, atleast. On one hand, this approach was easy to conduct and scoring could be done more objectively but this traditional approach led to several problems too. The first problem was the misrepresentation of learning... The goal of assessment is to check for the level to which the student had learnt. But a written test was just a sampling of those learning outcome, only on the basis of that 'sample', it would not be appropriate to grade the student. Another problem with written test is that, ideally the evaluation should be a continuous process. However, the written test used to be the evaluation only at certain point of time. There is a possibility that the student would not have been feeling well at that time and thus could not attempt the paper well, in such cases; such assessment strategy fails to portray the true picture. THE ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES - Advantages and Drawbacks: On the contrary to the real purpose of assessment, a written test could provide the true picture only if the writing skills of the students permitted so, thus it became primarily the test of writing skill before being the test of original stuff. Suppose there was the written test of science, it should test whether the student has grasped the particular concept or not (Shepardson 2001), but two students delivering the same content, but one had better abilities to express himself, he was likely to get more marks than the other. However, the alternative assessment strategies used various technologies to remove the loopholes of the traditional system. The alternative assessment strategies were based on the ideas that the assessment should be able to involve the student to involve in thinking process that is supposed to be invoked in him, because of the learning that he had gained. Furthermore, it was not dependent totally on the writing skills of the students. Above all, it was capable of accepting the diverse ideas and responses. However, one major challenge

Diplomacy in politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diplomacy in politics - Essay Example No less a person than Mr Gladstone, it is recorded, was of the opinion that the University Common Room was as bad as the Bank of England Parlour in narrowing the point of view. It seemed to me, therefore, that I might best, perhaps, speak on a subject which throws some light on the complexity of human nature and which I have had some opportunity to observe at close quarters. I am sure you will acquit me of any undue estimate of the importance of the role which I myself played in a subordinate position during the two great wars, if I illustrate my theme occasionally from my own experience. For it is by action that a man is made most vividly aware of the limitations which human nature imposes on the conduct of policy. It is no accident that the two most scolding pens amongst British historians today are wielded by two who have had no practical experience of political or military affairs. The subject of diplomacy has of course been expounded by a long array of writers. They have, however, often considered it in the wider aspect of policy rather than in that of the method by which policy is implemented. But today I intend to speak of the tactics of diplomacy, not of its strategy. There is, it is true, as in war, a vital connexion between the two. The most magnificent conceptions of policy are useless unless there is a means of putting them into effect. In the last war immense devotion, skill and energy and a wealth of economic and statistical information and analysis were devoted to the elaboration of plans by which the war against Germany could be quickly won by a bombing offensive. Their only weakness was that it was impossible to carry them out. Similar situations often arise in the formation of foreign policy. For this reason even in this field a subordinate may be able at times to make a contribution to great events and no Foreign Minister has ever touched greatn ess unless he was

Perception Visual System

Perception Visual System Critically evaluate two fundamental approaches to explaining perception. Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves recognition of environmental stimuli which allows us to act within our environment which is critical to our survival. There are two contrasting theories which both seek to explore and explain perception. These two theories are the constructivist approach and the ecological approach. Both ecological and constructionist approaches branch out to explain depth perception, optic flow pattern, visual system, prior knowledge of visual objects and the surrounding environment and overall, give a greater insight into defining perception. In order for us to understand visual perception we have to look more closely at the different parts of the visual system to understand how the visual system works. According to Gregory â€Å"The task of the eye and brain is quite different from either a photographic or a television camera converting objects merely into images† (Atkinson, 2002. pg. 34), Gregory clearly explains from the aforementioned quote that the eye and the brain consists of many different stages from light entering the eye to the eye producing the image to which we perceive in the environment. The factors that generally make up this process are mainly consisted of the colour, movement, and brightness of the perceived image (Atkinson, 2002). The image below gives an indication into how the eye and its multi-different parts process light when entering the eye. In order for visual perception to take place, a number of processes must occur involving the structures within the eye and the brain. The human eye is comprised of many parts which work together to process light when entering the eye. When optical light rays pass through the pupil; the ray of light automatically transforms into information that the persons brain interprets (Wade, 2001). The cornea focuses the light on the lens once light has passed through the pupil of the eye. Following on from this step the lens then focuses the light by focusing the light across the back of the eye across the retina. Finally, the retina sends light signals to the brain via the optic nerve which is where the information is processed and depicts the image in which we see as the perceiver (Wade, 2001). These steps are crucial to allowing us to view images from the environment. Many theories argue and hypothesise ‘how the information is really produced within the visual system. There are many theorists who argue that perception is indirect. Indirect theory is based upon the notion that perception is built upon the intervening of memories and representations as far as the environment is concerned (Gordon, 1997). This means, according to Gregory, that the environment provides us with stimulated senses which we then receive as retinal images from the optical array of light, which is then processed by the visual system to produce an image from the viewed environment on the back far end of the eye (retina) to project the image perceived. Gregory (Grieve, 1986) introduced the ‘Hypothesis theory, which according to Gregory, the signals we receive from our brain are compared with our expectation of what we ‘expect to see and presume how an object should look like. The ‘Hypothesis theory, generally assumes that we ‘hypothesise what we see and predict the shape and size and depth of an object. Gregory (Grieve, 1986) used an ice cream as an example to prove his point further. Most of us have consumed an ice cream before, and so once we eat a future ice cream we hypothesise the fact that we may need to take precautions to not eat the ice cream too fast this time, if eaten fast the first time on contact with this object. This simple example can be used for many other objects too within the environment. No strong evidence of psychological research of this theory actually exists but it is a theory none the less to take into consideration when concerning the explanation of perception. Gregory (Grieve, 1986) argued further that perception is nearly always accurate despite the absence of a limited amount of signals sent from the brain to the visual system is not always obtained properly. For example, we see and perceive objects such as a familiar bus timetable that we can see from a far distance. We know what a bus timetable comprises of (destination, departure, and arrival times from a familiar route), although we can only see a ‘part of the timetable from the distance we make an assumption from prior knowledge to complete the missing stimuli and complete the image being perceived. Gregory (Gordon, 1997) argued that what we perceive of an object image in our minds changes based on prior knowledge, however the interpretation changes and not the object itself. Gregory (Bruce, 2003) also argued further that if we understand an image showing an object being smaller than in reality, ‘ponzo illusion going into a far distance, humans must use a substantial amount of information interpreted from the brain to distinguish and separate the image perceived to reality, as quite obviously the smaller size of the track couldnt possibly be this small in reality and so cognition corrects this illusion. According to the direct perception theory however, direct perception theory argues that all information required for visual perception is biologically obtained from prior knowledge which is in contrast to the indirect theory which states that new information must be processed through the visual system from the optical array of light. Gibsons perspective is based upon the ‘direct perception theory which according to Gibson is explained in the following quote; â€Å"Optic array of light provides a direct abundance of visual information which we use to project an image of an object from the surrounding environment.† (Gibson, 1986, p.g.12). What Gibson generally means from the aforementioned quote is that information of the viewed object is contained in the optic array of light in ‘direct contact with the eye, but also that the perceiver recognises and perceives his or her own environment from biological past senses, hence the meaning of the named, ‘Direct perception theory. This is a process of information pick up which tends to revolve around looking at objects distinctly and observing the environment. Gibson devised a rare study during the dangerous period of World War 2, a study concerning visual perception concerning American pilots landing an aircraft after studying training films taugh t by Gibson detailing visual perception. Gibson served in the U.S air force during the dark era of World War 2. Gibson was asked by a higher serving member of the army to produce training films which involved teaching the American pilots to land an aircraft in a safe manner. Before this even in Gibsons life, he only concentrated on perception involving non-movement, which did limit Gibsons research a fair margin. Gibson tried to understand how and what pilots perceive when flying and when landing an aircraft, which led Gibson to study the subject are of perception of motion (Gibson, 1986). While conducting this field of research Gibson discovered the ‘optic flow pattern which promoted his ‘direct theory for further proving that his theory has the correct view point upon perception (Gibson, 1986). ‘Optic flow pattern of course, proved to be, according to Gibson, information flowing through the optical array of light to our visual system information containing the objects and overall environment in which we see. For the pilots, this was an everyday occurrence and so became ‘used to their environment when landing their aircraft due to prior knowledge. Gibson (Gibson, 1986) argued that the new ‘optic flow pattern theory provides the perceiver with information regarding speed and distance of the perceived environment (pilot). The optic flow pattern appeared to the viewer as if the environment is moving away from the perceiver while the perceiver remains motionless in the cockpit (environment is flowing past the perceiver while the pilot remains ‘motionless in the aircraft). Gibsons direct perception theory as this led to the theory splitting into three other key areas such as; affordance, textured gradients and optic array. Affordance, according to Gibson, is attaching meaning to an object, such as climbing up and down a ladder and driving a car as a sue for transport and so on. From this ‘affordance theory Gibson rejected the long term memory theory which stated that we know what objects mean from past memory. Optic array, according to Gibson, provides information about the environment from the light entering the eye to providing images to the retina section of the eye. Gibson believed that this was more automatic so to speak and provided accurate and stable information about the object being perceived. As far as textured gradient is concerned, it was believed by Gibson that it provides information about the distance of the object and the speed or non speed of the object (Eysenck, 2005). Gibson findings from the field research concerning the American pilots produced two ingredients for further backing his theory; pole and horizon. The pole is the point of direction in which the viewer is moving which is in relation to the horizon, which is concerned with the height of the perceiver. Height is extremely important with regards to viewing objects, as found from the American pilot training research (Eysenck, 2005). The horizon from a ground level perspective when viewing a ponzo illusion shows the two line sin the far distance becoming smaller and coming to a non-parallel close, where as the horizon from a pilots view when looking down shows two plain parallel lines on a continuous pattern in comparison. Gibson concluded that from his research the constructionist approach was inadequate because the viewers perception is too ‘near perfect to be based on prior knowledge as this varies between person to person and saw perception as a very stable phenomena. Overall, Gibsons direct perception theory provided an important base for further research and developments. The two theories contrast each other when explaining depth perception. The ecological view argues that depth perception is perceived by biological cues which, for example, could be height in the field viewing the horizon. The pilot training experiment yet again proves to be a good example to use for aerial perception. (Objects are higher in the distance than nearby objects), texture gradients (faded objects in the distance). The constructionist view of perception argues for a different point of view. According to indirect perception theory, depth perception is only possible for the simple reason that objects are constant in shape and size and is impossible to just change appearance within the perceived environment (Schiffman, 2000). Relative size, according to indirect perception theory, gives an overview that although we may perceive different objects in the environment, different retinal images are produced from the different distance between each object, such as perceiving a different retinal image of the far end of the ponzo illusion although seeing the correct view at the nearest point of view to us. The two theories differ on their views when explaining the topic of visual illusions. The constructionists argue that we see three-dimensional illusion objects over 2 dimensional objects because the visual system and the brain perceives three-dimensional objects as a simpler object to project rather than two dimensional objects (Farah, 2000). Depth perception is key here as to the size, shape and the shadow effect that the object gives off during perceiving of the object. Critics have commented on the possible fact that the constructivist approach gives a computational feel effect when explaining and defending its theory (Farah, 2000). However, both theories are seen as computational, the difference is that the constructivists appear to process information that has nothing to do with sensory stimulation while the ecological approach however, flaws itself by only concentrating information found in stimulation; completely opposing the constructionist approach towards perception. Visual illusions work because the view we have is often of a very short time and usually two dimensional. However, the constructionist only go so far in understanding ‘seeing and not far enough in explaining how people assign meaning to illusions; much is yet to be explained further. The Necker cube is a good example of a visual illusion. As you can see from figure 2, when two lines cross, the picture does not show which is in front and which is behind. This makes the picture ambiguous; it can be interpreted two different ways. When a person stares at the picture, it will often seem to flip back and forth between the two valid interpretations, known as multi-stable perception (Humphrey, 1989). This illusion gives the impression that no sides of the cube are at all missing and that what the viewer is seeing is true. However, if you was to ignore prior knowledge, expectation, and assumption and viewed the cube from a total different angle you would come to the conclusion that the cube isnt what it appears to be as perceived. Viewing the figure picture from a certain perception point of view, it would appear that the cube is defying the laws of geometry. However, once the point of perception is changed to another angle we can clearly see that, from figure 1, it becomes clear that the beams are not solid as once thought (Eysenck, 2005). The illusion plays on the humans eyes interpretation of two-dimensional pictures as three-dimensional objects. This apparent solidity gives the impossible cube greater visual ambiguity than the Necker cube, which is less likely to be perceived as an impossible object. This wrong view of the cube on the left is also a good example of how wrong or flawed a theory can be due to the prior knowledge of objects from the ‘hypothesis theory by Gregory (1966). In conclusion, indirect perception believes that perception is built upon the fact that our visual system produces memories and representations of the environment which intervenes when viewing an object and the environment as a whole. Indirect theory also concludes that the (‘Hypothesis theory) the signals we receive from our brain are compared with our overall expectations of the presumed environment, along with our visual system predicting how a shape and size of an object should look like. Indirect theory also further concluded that prior knowledge and experience of an object helps us how to perceive it once more from viewing the object in the past (bus timetable) from a far distance. However, Gibsons direct perception theory can be concluded that from Gibsons own personal research, perception is based upon the optical flow pattern which contains the array of light, attached with it, information needed to reproduce this viewed environment from any angle and distance. Pole position from Gibsons research showed an illusion where the aircraft appeared to be motionless while the environmental moved past and around the aircraft, this produced the temptation for future researchers to investigate the subject of motion. Both theories show an intriguing insight into perception, however, neither one of the aforementioned theories appear to explain how the visual system works, as each theory is flawed and only produced a speculation into how the visual system functions. With future theories waiting to be introduced we may finally be able to answer the question, how does the visual system work?. References 1. Atkinson, J. (2002) ‘The Developing Visual Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2. Bruce, V. (2003) ‘Visual Perception: Physiology, Psychology and Ecology. 4th edition, Hove: Psychology Press. 3. (2005)Necker Cube Experiment. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/neckercube/decision?_next=index_1.tmpl  (Accessed on 18th January 2008). 4. Eysenck, M and Keane, M. (2005) ‘Cognitive Psychology: A students handbook, 5th Ed. Psychology Press. 5. Farah, M. (2000) ‘The Cognitive Neuroscience of Vision. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 6. Gibson, J (1986) ‘The ecological approach to visual perception. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 8. Grieve, J. (1986) ‘Neuropsychology for occupational therapists: assessment of perception and cognition, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Science 9. Gordon, I (1997) ‘Theories of Visual Perception. Chichester: Wiley. 10. Humphrey, G. (1989) ‘Visual Cognition: Computational Experimental and Neuropsychological Perspectives, Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 11. Necker Cube and Impossible Cube. Available at: http://www.thebestlinks.com/Image__3A__Necker_cube_and_impossible_cube.PNG.html  (Accessed on; 18th January 2008) 12. Paterson, A. (2005) ‘Perception and Visual Cognition. Available at: http://www.psy.gla.ac.uk/~martinl/Assets/PVC/PVCL3ML.pdf (Accessed on: 16th January 2008) 13. Schiffman, H. (2000) ‘Sensation and perception: an integrated approach, 5th edition. New York: Wiley. 14. Wade, N (2001) ‘Visual Perception: an introduction. Hove: Psychology Press.

Of Mice and Men: Journey to their American Dream Essay

Achieving the American dream is possible, but the price to get there may be more than most can handle. In Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck shows threw different choices of settings the difficulties of achieving such a dream. George and Lenny, long time friends since childhood have the dream of owning and working there own land. They travel from town to town looking for labor trying to save up enough money. Yet everywhere they go it seems trouble either follows or finds them. The American dream is known by most but achieved by few. Gradually over the years the American dream has become the main staple for up and coming families. Both men and woman strive to have the white picket fence in a private town, near work, and with a good school district. Though many live from paycheck to paycheck portraying as if they have the american dream when in reality its all just an illusion. Young people are greatly influenced by family, friends, and the media. At a young age many are told to go to college, get a good job, and to become successful. It is drilled into the young that owning property and making life as comfortable as possible is the way to go. So this is what we work so hard for, never stopping on our quest to achieve the almost unachievable. Lennie and George’s vision of the American dream is simply owning their very own land. Threw out the book it is implied that you are a respected member of society if you own land and stay in one place. Yet Lennie and George go from town to town working hard trying to make enough money to buy land but never actually stay in one place for enough time to actually settle in one spot and buy it. If they were to have land ownership they would have the pride and respect they always wanted. In their eyes the dream means â€Å"independence and self-sufficiancy, the freedom that comes from owning land. which in turn means enjoying the fruits of one’s own labor.†-( Johnson[->0] 140) Society plays a big role in achieving the dream. Being on the outskirts of society is hard enough along with Lennie always sturring up accidental trouble, society brands them outsiders, unusual, and not safe. Usually they are run out of town by the towns people and not given a chance to save up enough money to be able to by land let alone find land to purchase. After a few times of this happening moral goes down and the dream seems farther and farther away. The migrant life and its effects can take a toll. They searched for casual work wherever they can find it. George and Lennie are known as † seasonal or casual workers, who went from job to job in africulture, industry, or construction.†- (Johnson[->1] 100). Usually they do hard labor that pays very little and don’t stay long enough to get comfortable. This leaves them feeling unwanted and mistreated. Many of the people they work with treat them like they are inconsequential. They are only wanted to do they hard labor no one else would do. Seen to be too weak to even come close to the American dream. Curly’s wife looks at them and rudely says † they left all the weak ones here.†- (Steinbeck). Curly’s wife has some dreams of her own as well. She wished to be a Hollywood actress but can’t beome one because Curly is so protective of her and doesn’t allow her to do anything. If she wants to make her dream come true she would have to leave Curly and all that she is familiar with behind. This would be a difficult and life changing decision not to be taken lightly (â€Å"Mice†). Discrimination is shown often throughout this book, against anyone who is different. Many times they are discriminated against because of their being drifters an not of a certain social standing. Lennie is mentally handicapped and most times his curious and playful side can become dangerous. He likes to touch pretty and soft things but in doing this without thinking others become frightened and disturbed by such a large burly man approaching them and not letting go. Because of this Lennie is constantly called stupid or a fool even by George at times. George is looked at as a fool for befriending someone like that. This deprives them of the hope they need to continue to work hard and reach their goals. George expresses this when he says, â€Å"I seen the guys that go around on the †¦ ranches alone. That ain’t no good. They don’t have no fun. After a long time they get mean. They get wantin’ to fight all the time.†(Steinbeck.17) A black man’s perspective can be much the same as a migrants. Even Curly, a black worker, wants to make it for himself but is constantly put down and disparaged because he is black and handicapped. With the mindset of being dumb, stupid and not good enough no one can move forward or accomplish anything. In the beginning and ending of the book Steinbeck uses symbolism in the largeness of the mountains compared to the smallness of George and Lennie showing the contrast between them and their dream (J.Hinds 152). Many ask the question can the American dream really be had? George is not very optimistic about starting up new in another town and in that mindset finds that the worst does happen. George is forced to kill Lennie, in this he possibly realizes this is the only way to achieve his dream of owning land even if it hurts him to do this. George had always felt a certain obligation to sticking with Lennie shown when he says, â€Å"I ain’t got no people†¦. ‘Course Lennie’s a God damn nuisance most of the time, but you get used to goin’ around with a guy an’ you can’t get rid of him.† (Steinbeck 45). In this case George killing Lennie was the only way for either of them to obtain their American dream. â€Å"Of Mice and Men and The American Dream.† 123HelpMe.com. 16 May 2012 . [->0] – /Claudia-Durst-Johnson/e/B000APX61U/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1/187-0392986-1780919 [->1] – /Claudia-Durst-Johnson/e/B000APX61U/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1/187-0392986-1780919

Saphenous Vein In Varicose Veins Health And Social Care Essay

Aim: To find the efficaciousness of complete GSV denudation in footings of morbidity, nerve hurt and return rates. Methods: 42 patients with unsophisticated one-sided and/or bilateral varicosities affecting the great saphenous system were included in this survey. Patients with primary and/or recurrent varicose venas associated with active or cured ulcers, patients with bleeding diathesis and those who failed to subscribe the proforma for regular followups were excluded from this survey. Complete denudation of great saphenous vena up to the mortise joint, together with multiple phlebectomies was performed in all patients. Postoperatively, limbs were examined for complications like bruising, hydrops, wound site infections and centripetal abnormalcies. All the patients were followed up for the period of one twelvemonth for return and betterment in centripetal abnormalcies. Consequences: All the patients belonged to CEAP category 2 or greater. The average age of patients in this series was 33 old ages ( run 20-48 old ages, SD + 8.24 ) . There were 31 ( 74 % ) were males and 11 ( 26 % ) were females. Majority of the patients presented with blunt hurting in legs. 9 ( 21.4 % ) patients presented with bilateral varicosities affecting the GSV, whereas 20 ( 47.6 ) and 13 ( 31 % ) patients presented with right and left sided disease severally. 7 patients presented with some centripetal abnormalcies at foremost follow up. These were impermanent and spontaneously subsided within 4-6 hebdomads. None of the patient came back with return within a average follow-up period of one twelvemonth. Decision: We conclude that since lasting complication rates do non significantly differ from those secondary to knee degree denudation of GSV and with a low return, and reoperation rates, abandoning complete denudation of the saphenous vena to the mortise joint is non the right determination presently. Cardinal Wordss: G S V, entire denudation, saphenous nervus hurt Introduction: Varicose venas are the most common of all the vascular upsets that affect worlds. Visible varicose venas affecting great saphenous system ( GSS ) affect 10-15 % of work forces and 20- 25 % of women1. The purpose of the intervention for this awful disease is to obtain an acceptable consequence in footings of cosmetics and to alleviate patient & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s ailments. Different mode of interventions for varicose venas include compaction stockings, froth sclerotherapy and assorted intravenous extirpation techniques 2-4 ; nevertheless the most acceptable intervention for primary varicose venas remains flush ligation of sephano-femoral junction, partial/complete denudation of Great Saphenous vena ( GSV ) and multiple phlebectomies5. Though serious complications are rather uncommon, the process may do considerable early morbidity, including bruising, cutaneal nervus hurt, hematoma, hurting and uncomfortableness in the inguen and leg, and hazard of lesion infection6,7. Limited articulatio genus degree denudation has been widely accepted as the gilded criterion operation for varicosities affecting the GSS. This attack is associated with important decrease in hurt to saphenous nervus. However, the hazard is non wholly eliminated as reported in different series8, 9. Restricted denudation of GSV to the articulatio genus degree on the other manus is associated with a high return in the residuary segment10. This completely nullifies the advantage of articulatio genus degree denudation of GSV and doing complete denudation of the vena up to ankle degree an attractive option. This prospective survey was designed to find the efficaciousness of complete GSV denudation in footings of morbidity, nerve hurt and return rates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From July 2006 to June 2009, this prospective survey was carried out at Liaquat university infirmary and different private medical centres of Hyderabad metropolis. In entire, 30 patients with unsophisticated one-sided and/or bilateral varicosities affecting the great saphenous system were included. Patients with primary and/or recurrent varicose venas associated with active or cured ulcers, patients with bleeding diathesis and those who failed to subscribe the proforma for regular followups were excluded from this survey. The diagnosing and degree of incompetency were confirmed by manus held Doppler ultrasound. Informed consent was taken and patients were given autonomy to go forth the survey at any point without saying any ground.Operative Technique:All patients were operated under spinal block. Injection Cephradine 1gm was given as prophylaxis. The scratch was placed 2cm above the median melleolus. The Great saphenous vena ( GSV ) was identified and separated carefully from the chi ef bole of Saphenous nervus. Once stray, the GSV was ligated, and olive-head stripper was introduced through a rent in the distal portion and negotiated to the proximal portion. The distal leftover was cut and so ligated utilizing vicryl plus 2.0. Another 3-5cm scratch was made at the sapheno-femoral junction, 2 centimeter below and sidelong to the pubic tubercle. Feeders of GSV were identified and ligated. A little scratch was so placed at the tip of the stripper ; the vena was ligated utilizing vicryli? ‘ 1 and was so stripped from below-upwards. Multiple phlebectomies were done for big bunchs of venas as the state of affairs warranted. Wounds were closed utilizing vicryli? ‘ 000 for tegument and chromic 00 for hypodermic tissue. The limb was covered with elastic patch, applied in caudo-cranial way. Patients were encouraged for light walk on the first operative twenty-four hours and were discharged from infirmary on 2nd post-operative twenty-four hours in instance of u neventful recovery. The follow-up agenda was designed at 1st, 4th, 8th and 12th hebdomads of surgery. During each visit, limbs were examined for complications like bruising, hydrops, wound site infections and centripetal abnormalcies within the distribution of saphenous nervus utilizing cotton-stick. The abnormalcies were characterized as paresthesia and dysthaesia. All the patients were followed up for the period of one twelvemonth for return and betterment in centripetal abnormalcies. Consequence: All the patients belonged to CEAP category 2 or greater depending upon the badness of the disease. This is depicted in item in table I. Table I: Clinical Phase of the DiseaseCEAP ClassificationNo of Limbs ( n= 51 )PercentageClass 2 30 58.8 Class 3 14 27.5 Class 4 7 13.7 The average age of patients in this series was 33 old ages ( run 20-48 old ages, SD + 8.24 ) . Amongst 42 patients in entire, 31 ( 74 % ) were males whereas 11 ( 26 % ) were females. Majority of the patients presented with blunt hurting in legs, followed by dark spasms, weightiness on drawn-out standing. With comparative frequences, remainders of the symptoms are elaborated in table II. Table II: Symptom Profile of the PatientsSymptomsNo Of Patients ( n= 42 )PercentagePain 14 33.33 Night Cramps 09 21.4 Heaviness on Prolonged Standing 11 26.2 Rubing 06 14. 3 Skin Changes 01 2.4 Cosmetic Concerns 01 2.4 In this series, 9 ( 21.4 % ) patients presented with bilateral varicosities affecting the GSV, whereas 20 ( 47.6 ) and 13 ( 31 % ) patients presented with right and left sided disease severally. In entire, 19 limbs out of 51, showed bruising in station operative period, whereas 7 and 4 developed lesion infection and hydrops ( fig I ) . In this series, 7 patients presented with some centripetal abnormalcies at foremost follow up. Figure I elaborate these abnormalcies in item. They were impermanent and spontaneously subsided within 4-6 hebdomads. None of the patient came back with return within a average follow-up period of one twelvemonth. Figure I: Post-Operative Complications Discussion: Nerve hurt is a recognized morbidity after varicose vena surgery. The most normally affected nervus is the saphenous nervus, which is at hazard of hurt during denudation of the GSV, peculiarly when the vena is stripped to the ankle11. Complete denudation, nevertheless, is associated with a low return rate compared to knee degree denudation of the vein12, 13. The argument between complete denudation of the great saphenous vena ( GSV ) up to ankle versus partial depriving up to knee degree continues. The reported incidence of nerve hurt following GSV depriving varies between 23-58 % 9, 15, 16. This was a clinical survey with simple methodological analysis and consistent consequences. In this series, the centripetal abnormalcies were noted in 20 % patients. This is comparable with other surveies describing more or less the same incidence8, 10. Lofgren et al14 showed that GSV depriving from the inguen to the ankle brought good-to-excellent consequences in comparing to high ligation of the GSV entirely vis- & A ; Atilde ; -vis centripetal morbidity, with a success rate of 94 % and 40 % , severally. Dwerryhouse et al17 reported duplex-confirmed reflux in one one-fourth of limbs that underwent restricted denudation of the GSV, at the 5-year followup, connoting that this pathology might finally show itself as recurrent varicose venas. These findings besides suggest that Orthodox method of depriving the vena up to the articulatio genus may forestall the harm to sephanous nervus but at the cost of a high return rate. GSV depriving at mortise joint is besides being shown to better quality of life in early post-operative period7. We have observed that depriving in upward way, utilizing little olive can go through towards the inguens easy with less nerve harm. Cosmetic consequences were besides satisfactory. None of our patient came up with return during the mean follow up period of one twelvemonth. The restrictions of survey were comparatively little size and its descriptive methodological analysis. For the reflux in the full GSV ( inadequacy in the whole GSV ) , the intervention of pick is complete denudation of the GSV to the mortise joint with high ligation and phelebectomies because of low complication and return rates. Nerve hurt may happen after both complete and partial denudation and symptoms of nerve hurt are transeunt and mild. We conclude that since lasting complication rates do non significantly differ from those of other intervention methods evaluated along with high success, low return, and low reoperation rates, abandoning complete denudation of the saphenous vena to the mortise joint is non the right determination presently.